圣智学习

《经济学原理》讲述了：由主流经济学家来撰写标准经济学教科书，并且试图影响经济学界内外乃至整个社会，是经济学界由来已久的传统。由哈佛大学经济学教授N·格里高利·曼昆编写的经济学教科书系列是当今世界上最畅销的经济学基础教材，目前已经被翻译成多种语言文字，成为许多国家的大学经济学通用教材，并且被数以百万计的经济学教师、学生和其他读者所使用。它简洁明快、有趣的文字和层次分明的内在逻辑吸引了成千上万对经济学尚无任何了解的读者，成为最便捷和最实用的经济学入门教材。

 

N．格里高利．曼昆(N．Gregory Mankiw)，先后毕业于美国普林斯顿大学和麻省理工学院，目前是哈佛大学经济学教授和美国总统经济顾问委员会主席，讲授微观经济学、宏观经济学、统计学和经济学原理。曼昆教授是一位多产作者，经常参与学术性与政策性的争论。他的作品不但发表在《美国经济评论》等学术期刊上，也发表在诸如《纽约时报》、《金融时报》、《华尔街杂志》和《财富》等大众化报刊上。他还兼任国民经济研究局研究员、波士顿联邦储备银行和国会预算办公室的顾问，以及ETS经济学高级考试命题委员会成员。

PART1　INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER1　TENPRINCIPLESOFECONOMICS
How People Make Decisions 3
Principle#1：People Face Tradeoffs 3
Principle：The Cost of Something
IsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt 4
Principle#3：Rational People Think at the Margin 5
Principle：People Respond to Incentives 6
How People Interact 7
Principle#5：Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off 7
Principle6：Markets Are Usually a Good Way
to Organize Economic Activity 8
FYI：Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand 9
Principle7：Governments Can Sometimes
Improve Market Outcomes 9
How the Economy as a Whole W0rks 10
Principle：A Country"s Standard of Living Depends on
Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services 1O
Principle：Prices Rise When the Government
PrintsToOMuchMoney 11
Principle#10：Society Faces a Short—Run Tradeoff
between Inflation and Unemployment 1 2
FVl：HOW to Read This Book 13
Conclusion 1 4
Summary 14
Key Concepts 1 5
Questions for Review 1 5
Problems and Applications 1 5

CHAPTER2　THINKINGLIKEANECONOMIST
The Economist as Scientist 1 8
The Scientific Method：Observation，Theory
and More Observation 1 9
The Role of Assumptions 1 9
Economic Models 20
Our First Model：The Circular-Flow Diagram 2 1
Our Second Model：The Production Possibilities
Frontier 22
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 24
The Economist as Policy Adviser 26
Positive versus Normative Analysis 26
Why Economists Disagree 27
Differences in Scientific Judgments 28
Differences in Values 28
Perception versus Reality 28
Summary 30
KeyConcepts 30
Questions for Review 30
Problems and Applications 30

CHAPTER3　INTERDEPENDENCEANDTHEGAINSFROMTRADE
A Parable for the Modern Economy 33
Production Possibilities 33
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 35
Absolute Advantage 36
Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage 37
Comparative Advantage and Trade 38
Applications of Comparative Advantage 39
Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?39
Should the United States Trade with
Other Countries?40
Conclusion 4 1
Summary 41
Key Concepts 41
Questions for Review 4 1
Problems and Applications 4 2

PART2　THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
CHAPTER4　THEMARKETFORCESOFSUPPLYANDDEMAND
Markets and Competition 47
Competitive Markets 47
Competition：Perfect and Otherwise 47
Demand 48
The Demand Curve：The Relationship between Price and
Quantity Demanded 48
Market Demand versus Individual Demand 49
Shifts in the Demand Curve 50
CASE STUDY：Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity
of Smoking Demanded 53
Supply 54
The Supply Curve：The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Supplied 54
Market Supply versuS Individual Supply 55
Shifts in the Supply Curve 56
Supply and Demand Together 58
Equilibriu m 58
Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium 60
Conclusion：HOW Prices Allocate Resources 65
Summary 66
Key Concepts 67
Questions for Review 67
Problems and Applications 68

CHAPTER5　ELASTICITYAND\'ITSAPPLICATION
The Elasticity of Demand 7 1
The Price Elasticity of Demand and Its Determinants 7 1
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand 72
The Midpoint Method：A Better Wav to Calculate
Percentage Changes and Elasticities 73
Pricing Admission to a Museum 75
n t一“。| OntheRoadwithElasticity 75
．Other Demand Elasticities 76
1：he Elasticity of Supply 77
The Price Elasticity of Supply and Its Determidants 77
Computing the Price Elasticity of Supp!y 78
The Variety of Supply Curves 78
Three Applications of Supply,Demand，
and Elasticity 81
Can Good NeWS for Farming Be Bad News for
Farmers?81
Why Did OPEC Fail to Keep the Price of Oil High?83
Conclusion 84
Summary 85
Key Concepts 85
Questions for Review 85
Problems and Applications 86

CHAPTER6　SUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES
Controls on Prices 89
HOW Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes 89
CASE STUDY：Lines at the Gas Pump 9 1
eg STUY：The Minimum Wa2e 92
HOW Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes 92
Does aDroughtNeedtoCause ater
Shortage? 93
Evaluating Price Controls 96
Taxes 97
HOW Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes 97
HOW Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes 99
fSSTUDWho Pays the Luxury 11ax? 101
Conclusion 101
Summary 102
Key Concepts 102
Questions for Review 102
Problems and Applications 102

PART3　SUPPLYANDDEMANDⅡ:MARKETSANDWELFARE
CHAPTER7　CONSUMERS,PRODUCERS,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFMARKETS
Consumer Surplus 1 07
Willingness to Pay 1 07
Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer
Surplus 108
How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus 109
What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? 1 1 0
Producer Surplus 11 2
Cost and the Willingness to Sell 11 2
Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus 113
How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus 115
Market Efficiency 1 1 6
The Benevolent Social Planner 11 6
Evaluating the Market Equilibrium 117
Ticket Scalping 1 20
Conclusion：Market Efficiency and Market Failure 1 2 1
Summary 1 22
Kev Concepts 1 22
Questions for Review 1 22
Problems and Applications 1 23

CHAPTER8　APPLICATION:THECOSTSOFTAXATION
The Deadweight Loss of Taxation 1 26
How a Tax Affects Market Participants 1 2 7
Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade 1 29
The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss 1 30
CASE STUDY：The Deadweight Loss Debate 132
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxe$V_anr 1 3 3
FVi Henry George and the Land Tax 134
eASE SUDY：The Laffer Curve and Supply．Side
Economics 1 35
Conclusion 1 37
Summary 138
Kev Concepts 1 38
Questions for Review 1 38
Problems and Applications 1 38

CHAPTER9　APPLICATION:INTERNATIONALTRADE
The Determinants of Trade 141
The Equilibrium without Trade 1 4 1
The Worid Price and Comparative Advantage 142
nners and Losers frombde ，43
The Gainand Losses of an Exporting Country 1 4 3
The Gains and Losses of an Importing Countrv 1 45
The Effects of a 11a—ff 147
l‘Lifeinlsoland、49
The Effects of an Import Quota 1 50
The Arguments for Restricting Trade 1 5 2
Otiler Benefits of Intenla[iOnaTrade 1 53
The Tobs Argument 1 53
The National—Securitv Argument 1 54
The Infant—Industry Argument 1 54
The Unfair—Competition Argument 1 54
The Protection—as—a—Bargaining—Chip Argument 1 55
srU0y：’rrade Agreements and the World Trade
Organization 1 55
Globalization 1 56
Conclusion 1 57
Summary 1 58
Kev Concepts 1 59
Questions for Review 1 59
Problems and Applications 1 59

PART4　THEECONOMICSOFTHEPUBLiCSECTOR
CHAPTER10　EXTERNALITIES
Externalities and Market Inefficiency 1 63
Welfare Economics：A Recap 1 64
Negative Externalities 1 65
Positive Externalities 1 66
CASE STUD" lndustrial Policy 1 67
Private Solutions to External ities 1 68
The Types of Private Solutions 1 68
The Coase Theorem 1 69
Whv Private Solutions Do Not Alwavs Work 170
Public Policies toward Externalities 17 1
Regulation 17 1
Pigovian Taxes and Subsidies 172
CASE STUDY：Whv Is Gasoline Taxed So Heavily?173
Tradable Pollution Permits 174
Objections to the Economic Analysis of Pollution 17 5
Conclusion 17 6
Summary 177
Key Concepts 17 7
Questions for Review 177
Problems and Applications 17 7

CHAPTER11　PUBLICGOODSANDCOMMONRESOURCES
The Different Kinds 0f Goods 1 8 1
Public Goods 182
The Free—Rider Problem 183
Some Important Public Goods 183
STUDy：Are Lighthouses Public Goods?
The Difficult Job of Cost—Benefit Analysis 186
Common Resources 187
The Tragedy of the Commons 187
Some Important Common Resources 1 88
"。，n。I TheSingaporeSolution8
y：Whv the Cow Is Not Extinct 190
Should Yellowstone Charge as Much as
Disney World? 191
Conclusion：The Importance of Property Rights 1 92
Summary 193
Key Concepts 1 93
Questions for Review 1 93
Problems and Applications 1 93

PART5　FIRMBEHAVIORANDTHEORGANIZATIONOFINDUSTRY
CHAPTER12　THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION
What Are Costs? 197
Total Revenue，Total Cost，and Profit 1 97
Costs as Opportunitv Costs 1 97
The Cost of Capital as an Opportunity Cost 1 98
Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit 1 99
ji 1me Profit versus Fictitious Profit 200
Production and Costs 200
The Production Function 20 1
From the Production Function to the
Total—Cost Curve 202
The Various Measures of Cost 204
Fixed and Variable Costs 205
Average and Marginal Cost 206
Cost Curves and Their Shapes 207
TVpical Cost Curves 208
Costs in the Short Run and in the Long Run 210
The Relationship between Short—Run and Long-Run
Average Total Cost 210
Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 2 11
F；：Lessons from a Pin Factory 211
Conclusion 21 3
Summary 213
Kev Concepts 213
Ouestions for Review 2 1 4
Problems and Applications 214

CHAPTER13　FIRMSINCOMPETITIVEMARKETS
What Is a Competitive Market? 2 1 7
The Meaning of Competition 2 1 7
The Revenue of a Competitive Firm 2 1 8
Profit Maximization and the Competitive Firm"s Supply
Curve 219
A Simple Example of Profit Maximization 2 1 9
The Marginal—Cost Curve and the Firm’s Supply
Decision 221
The Firm’s Short—Run Decision to Shut Down 222
Spilt Milk and Other Sunk Costs 2 24
CSTUDY：Near—Empty Restaurants and Off．Season
Miniature Golf 225
The Firm’s Long—Run Decision to Exit or
Enter a Market 225
Measuring Profit in Our Graph for the Competitive
Firm 226
The Supply Curve in a Competitive Market 228
The Short Run：Market Supply with a Fixed Number
ofFirms 228
The Long Run：Market Supply with Entry and Exit 229
Whv Do Competitive Firms Stay in Business If They Make
Zero Profit? 230
A Shift in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run 23 1
Why the Long—Run Supply Curve Might
Slope Upward 231
Entry or Overinvestment? 233
Conclusion：Behind the Supply Curve 234
Summary 235
Key Concepts 235
Questions for Review 235
Problems and Applications 236

CHAPTER14　MONOPOLY
PART6　THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS
PART7　THEREALECONOMYIN\'THELONGRUN
PART8　MONEYANDPRICESINTHELONGRUN
PART9　SHORT-RUNECONOMICFLUCTUATIONS
THEINFLUENCEOFMONETARYANDFISCALPOLICYONAGGREGATEDEMAND
Conclusion
Summary
KeyConcepts
QuestionsforReview
ProblemsandApplications
GlossaryG-1